Art History (ARTH)

ARTH 103. Survey of Art I. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours (delivered online and face-to-face). 3 credits. Introductory survey of art from the prehistoric era through the 13th century, including examples from selected regions of Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas. Illustrated lectures demonstrate visual analysis and other art historical methods while also identifying key monuments and artists’ work in relationship to historical contexts.

ARTH 104. Survey of Art II. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours (delivered online and face-to-face). 3 credits. Introductory survey of art from the 14th century through 21st century, including examples from selected regions of Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas. Illustrated lectures demonstrate visual analysis and other art historical methods while also identifying key monuments and artists’ work in relationship to historical contexts.

ARTH 201. Banned! Art and Controversy. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours (delivered online or face-to-face). 3 credits. What could make a work of art so controversial that it divides public opinion, is banned from public view or even gets destroyed? The course examines the reasons why visual art can be such a provocative and polarizing creative endeavor. By examining case studies from various historical and geographical contexts, students will explore the ways in which artistic controversy intersects key humanistic concerns, including questions of aesthetics and economic value; politics and cultural heritage; sacredness and religion; and gender and sexuality. This course will promote critical looking and thinking by introducing students to a variety of criteria used to evaluate art and by challenging them to consider diverse, often contradictory, interpretations of art.

ARTH 207. Global Art History. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours (delivered online or face-to-face). 3 credits. Art will be presented as an integral aspect of each culture from the areas of China, Japan, Africa, Oceania, Native America, and pre-Columbian Central and South America. Aesthetic appreciation will be enhanced through a presentation of various philosophies, customs and values. Illustrated lectures and analytical practices will be supported by the student visiting local museums and galleries to examine selected works of art.

ARTH 245. Survey of Asian Art. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Introductory survey of South Asian, Himalayan, Southeast Asian and East Asian art. Illustrated lectures provide a survey of Asian art and architecture.

ARTH 260. Islamic Art Survey. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Provides a survey of Islamic art and architecture from the seventh century to the present.

ARTH 270. History of the Motion Picture I. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours (delivered online or face-to-face). 3 credits. The history of development of the motion picture from the early 1800s to the mid-20th century, with both technical and aesthetic consideration. Students engage in analysis and discussion after viewing selected films.

ARTH 271. History of the Motion Picture II. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours (delivered online or face-to-face). 3 credits. The history of development of the motion picture from post-WWII to the present, with both technical and aesthetic consideration. Students engage in analysis and discussion after viewing selected films.

ARTH 292. Writing for Art History. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Prerequisite: UNIV 200 or HONR 200 with a minimum grade of C. Enrollment is restricted to art history majors. Students hone their writing skills in a variety of contexts relevant to the field of art history through writing assignments that emphasize argumentation, creativity and research, writing for a specific audience, responsible use of sources, paragraph and sentence mechanics, and developing an individual voice as an author. Students will produce an extended research project that culminates in a formal presentation and research paper.

ARTH 293. Professional Practices for Art History. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Prerequisite: UNIV 200 with a minimum grade of C. The course introduces students to a variety of career pathways within art history and includes practical advice about career preparation in the field. Through a combination of lecture, class discussion of assigned readings, and guest-speaker workshops, students learn about careers in academia, museums, libraries, publishing, arts administration and art conservation, among others. By the end of the course, students will create a portfolio of professional documents and give a short presentation about their future career goals.

ARTH 300. Prehistoric and Ancient Art and Architecture. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. A survey of the artistic expressions of the major prehistoric and ancient cultures of Europe, the Near East, Egypt and the Aegean.

ARTH 302. Introduction to Museums. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. A survey of contemporary theories, issues and practices in the museum environment. Topics include museum identity and function, administration, museum ethics, collections maintenance and management, curatorial and exhibition issues, and education and public interaction.

ARTH 304. Art of Ancient African Cultures and Kingdoms. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. An in-depth examination of the visual arts of ancient African cultures and kingdoms from prehistoric times to the 18th century and analysis of the historical, cultural and economic forces that shaped them.

ARTH 305. Classical Art and Architecture. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. A survey of the development of Greek, Etruscan and Roman art and architecture from their beginnings to the early 4th century CE.

ARTH 306. Art and Archaeology of Early Civilizations. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. A global, comparative study of early civilizations through their visual and material cultures. The course examines art and architecture from ancient societies across Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas, including Egypt, the Indus Valley, Iron Age Europe, Mesoamerica and China, to explore how these complex societies expressed social, political and cultural organization.

ARTH 307. Art and Archaeology of Ancient Empires. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. A global, comparative study of art and visual culture in the empires of the ancient world. Focusing on societies that expanded beyond their homelands to govern diverse populations, from the Near East and Mediterranean to Asia and the Americas, the course examines how monumentality, political imagery and public art articulated imperial power, hierarchy, resistance and identity.

ARTH 309. Introduction to Islamic Art. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Prerequisite: ARTH 103 or ARTH 104. The course introduces the social, political and cultural developments and changes of art, material culture and the built environment of the early centuries of Islam, starting with its founding in the 7th century until the early modern period (ca. 1700s). The regions covered in this course span West, Central and South Asia, North Africa and southern Spain. The course foregrounds a number of important monuments, artworks and urban structures in these regions and considers major visual trends, varying patterns of use, urban transformations, intersections of belief systems, cross-cultural encounters and changing societal values attributed to visual culture and architecture by members of the region’s diverse social, political and cultural milieus. Although focused on the history of Islamic art before the 19th century, the course includes a consideration of relevant modern and contemporary examples of visual culture and architecture that engage with historical traditions.

ARTH 310. Medieval Art and Architecture. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Survey of European medieval art and architecture between approximately 300 and 1400 CE.

ARTH 311. Islamic Visual Culture and Late Antiquity. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Explores the early evolution of Islamic visual culture. Emphasizes artistic contact and exchange with non-Islamic civilizations in Europe, Asia and Africa up through the Crusader period.

ARTH 312. Islamic Visual Culture in the Early Modern Era. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Explores the artistic dynamics of the Islamic world beginning with the Mongol expansion and the Spanish Reconquista through the flourishing of the Safavid, Mughal and Ottoman empires.

ARTH 314. Islamic Book Arts. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Introduction to the book arts of the Islamic world from the seventh century to the present, with emphasis on pre-19th century manuscripts and related objects, alongside select modern and contemporary practices. The course examines codicology, paleography and bookmaking techniques in relation to themes of continuity and change, complemented by visits to local collections and optional creative projects.

ARTH 315. Renaissance Art and Architecture. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours (delivered online or face-to-face). 3 credits. An examination of the Renaissance in Italy and Northern Europe. Painting, sculpture and architecture of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries.

ARTH 320. Baroque and Rococo Art and Architecture. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. The art and architecture of Italy and northern Europe between 1600 and 1750.

ARTH 321. Islamic Visual Culture in the Age of Empires. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Explores Islamic and global artistic developments as facets of geopolitical shifts, cross-cultural interactions and changing aesthetic tastes.

ARTH 324. 18th-century Art in Europe. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours (delivered face-to-face or hybrid). 3 credits. Study of European art between 1688-1789.

ARTH 325. 19th-century Art in Europe. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Study of European art between 1770 and 1900.

ARTH 335. Pre-Columbian Art and Architecture. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. A study of the major artistic traditions of ancient America (i.e., Maya, Aztec and Inca). The course concentrates on Meso-America and the Andean Region.

ARTH 338. Colonial Art and Architecture of Latin America. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. A study of the major artistic traditions in Latin America from the 16th to the end of the 18th century.

ARTH 339. Modern and Contemporary Art and Architecture of Latin America. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. A study of 19th- and 20th-century art in Latin America focusing on the major movements and artists of Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and South America.

ARTH 342. African-American Art. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. A study of the art forms produced by Americans of African origin from the 17th century to the present with an emphasis on contemporary trends in black art. Crosslisted as: AFAM 342.

ARTH 344. American Art History. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Survey of American art from early encounters between Native Americans and Europeans to discourses of multiculturalism in recent decades. Course explores themes of nationhood, race, gender, sexuality, class and ethnicity in art of the United States.

ARTH 347. Studies in Asian Art. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. May be repeated with different topics for a maximum of nine credits. Explores the development of Asian artistic traditions in a particular geographic region or specified period. Topics may be an art form or medium, a geographical area, a theme, a function, or a context. May focus on artistic contact and cultural interconnection within a global context. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics to be offered each semester.

ARTH 348. Art of the African Diaspora. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Course uses visual culture as means to explore the history and impact of the global spread of African peoples from slavery until the present day. Course examines a range of artistic practices from the visual culture of street festivals and Afro-Caribbean religions to the work of studio-trained artists of international repute.

ARTH 349. Body Adornment, Masks and Masking in Africa. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. An in-depth examination of the body in Africa with regard to its ontological, biological and cultural significance; its embellishment for aesthetic and other purposes; and its partial or total concealment (through masking) to mediate between the spiritual and physical world.

ARTH 355. Indian Ocean Visual Cultures. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Examines the histories of artistic exchange across the Indian Ocean world, from the Swahili Coast of Africa to the Indonesian archipelago in Asia. Provides an introduction to the artistic and architectural traditions of Africa, Arabia and Asia shaped by mobility, trade and transcultural exchange across oceanic routes. Highlights key objects, sites and aesthetic practices while fostering critical engagement with the historical and cultural dynamics of the Global South.

ARTH 357. Art and Gender. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. The course examines contemporary and historical understandings of sex and gender and how they have shaped art and artists. Crosslisted as: GSWS 457.

ARTH 358. African Art and Architecture. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. A study of African art and architecture from prehistoric times to the present. Special emphasis is placed on form, content, function and meaning, as well as the impact of African art on modern and African-American art. Crosslisted as: AFAM 358.

ARTH 365. Modern Art. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. An in-depth examination of art, theory and criticism from 1900-50.

ARTH 366. Contemporary Art. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. An in-depth examination of art, theory and criticism from 1950 to the present.

ARTH 367. German Expressionism. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Course examines “expressionism” as a generative concept that produced -- and continues to produce -- ways of organizing and understanding the words and pictures that circulated in the rapidly changing, socially and culturally turbulent Germany of the early 20th century.

ARTH 368. Pop Art. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Course examines pop art from its beginnings in 1950s England through its heyday in 1960s New York and Los Angeles. Course explores the movement’s wider effects in a variety of international contexts through analysis of early critical reception as well as contemporary theories of mass media, consumption and representation.

ARTH 369. Studies in Museum Methods. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of six credits. An in-depth examination of selected topics. Topics include museum administration, museum ethics, collections maintenance and management, curatorial and exhibition issues, and education. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics to be offered each semester.

ARTH 370. History of Animated Film. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. The history of animation as an art form, from early experimental to popular culture to independent animation. Design, structure and technique are considered.

ARTH 372. History of Photography. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Examines the history of photography from its invention in the early 19th century to the present. Provides a foundational introduction to processes and materials from analog to digital. Surveys principal artists and movements and examines the nature and cultural meanings of photographic representation through lecture and discussion.

ARTH 374. Studies in Film. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of six credits. An in-depth examination of selected topics in film. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics to be offered each semester.

ARTH 375. Nineteenth-Century Islamic Visual Culture. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Examines the art and architecture of the Islamic world during the age of European colonialism.

ARTH 376. Modern Art of West Asia and North Africa. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Provides an overview of modernist art movements in West Asia and North Africa from 1900 to 1980. Introduces key theoretical frameworks of modernism alongside case studies of national movements, cross-regional collaborations and thematic developments. Examines a range of media and engages students with both primary texts and foundational secondary sources.

ARTH 377. Contemporary Art of West Asia and North Africa. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Examines contemporary art movements in West Asia and North Africa from 1980 to the present. Introduces key theoretical frameworks of global contemporary art alongside case studies of national and regional practices. Explores themes such as identity, migration, memory and resistance through cross-regional and transnational collaborations.

ARTH 390. Art Historical Methods. 4 Hours.

Semester course; 4 seminar and/or research hours (3 seminar and 1 research). 4 credits. Prerequisite: ARTH 292 with a minimum grade of C. Enrollment is restricted to art history majors. Course provides students with an overview of the history of art history through a chronological survey of key methods of analysis that have defined the discipline from its beginnings to the present. Students develop critical thinking and writing skills specific to art history through written assignments and discussion of readings. Students will produce an extended research project that culminates in a formal presentation and research paper.

ARTH 391. Special Topics. 1-3 Hours.

Semester course; 1-3 lecture hours. 1-3 credits. May be repeated with different topics for a maximum of nine credits. An in-depth study of a selected topic in art history not included in the curriculum. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics to be offered each semester.

ARTH 465. Islamic Art in a Global Context 1800 to 1900 CE. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Examines the art and architecture of the Islamic world during the age of European colonialism.

ARTH 466. Modern and Contemporary Art in the Middle East. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. Focuses on art and architecture in the Middle East in the 20th and 21st centuries. Issues considered include the lives and work of selected artists, architects and designers; artistic media and themes; collecting; and the art market.

ARTH 489. Topics in Advanced Art History. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 lecture hours. 3 credits. May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of nine credits. Prerequisite: ARTH 292 with a minimum grade of C or permission of instructor. An in-depth study of a selected topic in art history not included in the curriculum. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics to be offered each semester.

ARTH 490. Senior Seminar in Art History: ____. 4 Hours.

Semester course; 4 seminar and/or research hours (3 seminar and 1 research). 4 credits. Prerequisite: ARTH 390 with a minimum grade of C. Enrollment is restricted to art history majors. Course provides an in-depth study of a specific art historical topic, movement or theme in a seminar format. Students will produce an extended research project that culminates in a formal presentation and research paper. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics to be offered each year.

ARTH 493. Museum Internship. 3-6 Hours.

Semester course; 9 to 18 studio hours. 3 to 6 credits. May be repeated with different topics for a maximum of 12 credits. Prerequisites: ARTH 302 and 390, both with a minimum grade of C. Restricted to art history majors only. Fieldwork in a local or regional museum. Topics inlcude museum administration, museum ethics, collections maintenance and management, curatorial and exhibition issues, and education.

ARTH 497. Directed Research Project. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 credits. May be repeated for a maximum of 6 credits. Prerequisite: ARTH 390 with a minimum grade of C. Advanced individual work on a subject to be formulated in writing by the student and the instructor.

ARTH 591. Special Topics in Art History. 1-6 Hours.

Semester course; variable hours. 1-6 credits. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credits. An in-depth study of a particular aspect of art history or art made in a particular time or place, or by a specific artist or group of artists. Course may include extended off-campus trips to sites and collections throughout the United States or abroad. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics to be offered each semester.

ARTH 681. Museums and Audiences. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. Enrollment is restricted to graduate students and students in the accelerated opportunity. An examination of relationships between museums and audiences, focusing on critical/theoretical analyses of how museums have constructed community identities, histories of place and cross-cultural relations. Also provides understanding of organizational structures and the roles and responsibilities of museum administrators.

ARTH 683. Museum Collections. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. An examination of the history, motivations and procedures of museums collecting. Considers the ethical and logistical issues involved in acquiring objects (through bequests and purchase), in releasing objects (through restitution and deaccessioning) and in stewardship of objects (through conservation and registration). Also provides understanding of the roles and responsibilities of curators, collections managers, registrars and conservators, as well as an understanding of the structural organization of curatorial/collections staff.

ARTH 684. Curating Exhibitions. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. Prerequisite: ARTH 681, ARTH 683 or ARTH 691. Enrollment is restricted to graduate students and students in the accelerated opportunity. In this course, students work collaboratively to develop an exhibit script that reflects a contemporary museological issue through the display of artworks and/or artifacts.

ARTH 685. History of Exhibitions. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. Enrollment is restricted to graduate students and students in the accelerated opportunity. The course examines exhibitions as a fixture of the art world and a major field of art-historical inquiry. It traces the development of temporary displays of art in the Western world from their origins in the eighteenth century to the present day and explores case studies from varying times, locations and cultures. The course also explores strategies for understanding the appearance and layout of exhibitions from archival research to digital reconstructions.

ARTH 686. History and Theory of Museums. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. Enrollment is restricted to graduate students and students in the accelerated opportunity. The course explores the history of museums from the late eighteenth century to the present, employing a historiographical and theoretical approach informed by recent perspectives in postcolonial and decolonial theory. Through a series of thematic sessions, students will critically examine how museums have collected, exhibited and conceptualized art within the contexts of colonialism, imperialism, decolonization and dynamics of inclusion and exclusion.

ARTH 690. Historiography and Methodology of Art History. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. Historiographic overview of art history since the mid-18th century that provides a foundational understanding of the changing methodological and theoretical bases for its disciplinary practices in academia and museums. Critical reading and writing skills and research methods will be developed through class discussion, small assignments and an independent research project in the student's primary area of interest.

ARTH 691. Special Topics in Museum Studies. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. An advanced, in-depth study of museum histories, theories or practices in a particular time period, region or culture.

ARTH 693. Graduate Museum Internship. 3-6 Hours.

Semester course; variable hours. 3-6 credits. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credits. Prerequisite: permission of instructor, chair of the graduate committee and/or chair of the Department of Art History. Professionally supervised work in a local, regional, national or international museum.

ARTH 695. Writing Seminar. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. An investigation and practical application of rhetorical styles of writing for various audiences and purposes in academic, museum and/or online contexts, with particular focus on scholarly writing.

ARTH 721. Seminar in Early Modern Art. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. May be repeated for a maximum of 12 credits. An advanced, in-depth study of a selected aspect of Renaissance or Baroque art in Europe. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics to be offered each semester.

ARTH 722. Seminar in 19th-century Art. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. May be repeated for a maximum of 12 credits. An advanced, in-depth study of a selected aspect of 19th-century art in Europe and/or America, including though not limited to movements, artists, new techniques, technologies or display venues. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics to be offered each semester.

ARTH 723. Seminar in 20th-century Art. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. May be repeated for a maximum of 12 credits. An advanced, in-depth study of a selected aspect of 20th-century art in Europe and/or America, including though not limited to movements, artists, new techniques, technologies or display venues. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics to be offered each semester.

ARTH 726. Seminar in African Art. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. May be repeated for a maximum of 12 credits. A study of the culture and traditional art forms, which may include architecture; sculptural works in wood, stone, ivory and metal; royal attire; jewelry and/or weaponry of a specific African region. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics offered each semester.

ARTH 728. Seminar in Asian Art. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. May be repeated for a maximum of 12 credits. An advanced, in-depth study of a selected aspect of Asian art. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics to be offered each semester.

ARTH 742. Seminar in Trans-millennial Art and Ideas. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credits. An advanced, detailed investigation of an issue, idea or topic that transcends millennia in the history of art. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics offered each semester.

ARTH 743. Seminar in Art and Representation. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credits. An advanced, detailed investigation of an issue, idea or topic that considers artworks as representations of people, places, ideas, cultural values, etc. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics offered each semester.

ARTH 749. Seminar in Diasporic Art. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. May be repeated for a maximum of six credits. Enrollment is restricted to graduate students and students in the accelerated opportunity. The course will explore the global spread of art and culture through the theoretical framework of diaspora. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics offered each semester.

ARTH 771. Qualifying Paper. 1-3 Hours.

Semester course; 1-3 seminar hours. 1-3 credits. May be repeated for a maximum of four credits. Prerequisite: ARTH 695. Provides Master of Arts students with a structure in which to complete a qualifying paper that fulfills degree requirements. Students meet periodically as a group while also working independently with a faculty adviser to articulate a paper topic, conduct research and refine a paper of publishable quality.

ARTH 791. Special Topics in Art History. 3 Hours.

Semester course; 3 seminar hours. 3 credits. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credits. An in-depth investigation of a topic or issue in art history. See the Schedule of Classes for specific topics offered each semester.

ARTH 797. Directed Research Project. 1-3 Hours.

Semester course; variable hours. 1-3 credits. May be repeated for a maximum of 6 credits. Prerequisite: permission of instructor, director of graduate studies and chair of the Department of Art History. Advanced individual work on a subject to be formulated by the student in collaboration with and/or approved by the instructor.